Inflation

Course Outline

Dictionary of Economics

Course (113 videos)

Inflation

This is "Measuring Inflation" from our Principles of Economics: Macroeconomics course.

Inflation is common in a modern economy. Shifts in supply and demand for goods and services cause prices to change accordingly. When the average level of prices rises, that’s inflation. It means that you’ll need more money to purchase the same stuff.

Inflation in the United States can be measured using the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Price Index (CPI) – a weighted average of the price increases. We can calculate the inflation rate by the percentage change in the CPI over a given period of time.

How much do prices actually change? Well, using FRED, we can see that, over the past thirty-three years, prices have more than doubled. That may seem like a lot. However, wages have also risen, on average, by more than prices during that time period. Inflation doesn’t necessarily mean that we’re worse off.

The inflation rate in the United States has averaged at about 2.5% per year since 1980, which is fairly low and indicative of a stable economy. Prices may be increasing, but the changes are small. Wages have time to catch up. You can be confident that the $5 in your pocket isn’t going to be worth drastically less in a year.

Let’s take a look at a different scenario -- one that’s playing in Venezuela right now. As the country faces an economic crisis, inflation is skyrocketing. Rates reached 180% in 2015 and have continued to rise since. 5 bolívar in your pocket could be worth less even by the end of the day.

But Venezuela still doesn’t compare to the hyperinflation that Zimbabwe experienced in the 2000s, reaching dizzying rates of billions of a percent per month. (See MRU’s previous video for more!)

While some inflation is perfectly normal, high rates of inflation make it difficult for consumers to use a nation’s currency. If the value is changing a lot by the week, day, or even minute, people don’t want to hold onto or accept the currency for goods and services -- leading to a full blown currency crisis.

Teacher Resources

Transcript

In today's video, we're going to take a closer look at what inflation is and how it's measured. Now, shifts in supply and demand -- they're pushing some prices up and other prices down all the time.

 

Let's think about each of these prices like ping pong balls -- ping pong balls in an elevator. Now inflation is when the average price is going up. Inflation is when the elevator is going up. We measure the average level of prices using a price index, the average price from a large and representative basket of goods and services. There are different price indexes that are based upon different baskets. The consumer price index, or CPI -- it's based on a basket of thousands of goods and services which are bought by consumers in the United States. And, it's a weighted average, so that an increase in the price of a major item, like housing, that counts for more than an increase in the price of a minor item like toothbrushes. The inflation rate can then be measured as the percentage change in the index over a period of time, say a year.

 

So, let's take a look at the inflation rate in the United States, as measured by the CPI. If we google "Inflation United States FRED," we'll find a graph like this. The graph shows us the CPI. Now this index is defined, so that the average price in the years 1982 to 1984 -- that's set equal to 100. In mid-2016, the index was 239. So that means that over the past 33 years, prices on average have more than doubled.

 

Now that doesn't mean that we're necessarily worse off today than in the past because wages have also gone up over this time period. And, in fact, wages have gone up, on average, by more than prices. By clicking on edit data series, we can change to an annual series. Now we can see that in 1973 the CPI was 44.425. And in 1974, the average price of the CPI basket -- it had risen to 49.317. We can now calculate that the rate of inflation over this year was 11.01%. The calculations can be a little bit tedious.

 

So, let's have FRED do the work. We'll change the units to percent change from one year ago. We now see the annual inflation rate in the United States from 1948 to 2016. Notice that in 1974 the inflation rate was 11.01%, just as we calculated. You can see that the inflation rate increased in the United States in the 1960s and the 1970s, peaking around 1980 at a little over 14% per year. After 1980, inflation rates fell to an average of about 2.5% for many years. Inflation even turned negative, a little bit of deflation, very briefly during the 2009 recession. Even in the 1970s, the United States has had a relatively low inflation rate by world standards.

 

As a point of comparison, let's consider Venezuela today. In Venezuela, the inflation rate in 2015 hit 180%. And it didn't stop! It's estimated that in 2016, the inflation rate in Venezuela will hit 500%, or even higher. Now even Venezuela has a long way to go before it competes with a hyperinflation leader like Zimbabwe, which as we know from our previous video, Zimbabwe hit rates of billions of percent per month at its peak hyperinflation.

 

Okay. Now that we have a better idea about what inflation is and how it's measured, we're going to look in more detail at the causes and the consequences of inflation. That's up next.

Subtitles


Thanks to our awesome community of subtitle contributors, individual videos in this course might have additional languages. More info below on how to see which languages are available (and how to contribute more!).

How to turn on captions and select a language:

  1. Click the settings icon (⚙) at the bottom of the video screen.
  2. Click Subtitles/CC.
  3. Select a language.
     


 

Contribute Translations!

Join the team and help us provide world-class economics education to everyone, everywhere for free! You can also reach out to us at [email protected] for more info.


Submit subtitles

 

 

Accessibility

We aim to make our content accessible to users around the world with varying needs and circumstances.

Currently we provide:


Are we missing something? Please let us know at [email protected]

Download

Creative Commons

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The third party material as seen in this video is subject to third party copyright and is used here pursuant
to the fair use doctrine as stipulated in Section 107 of the Copyright Act. We grant no rights and make no
warranties with regard to the third party material depicted in the video and your use of this video may
require additional clearances and licenses. We advise consulting with clearance counsel before relying
on the fair use doctrine.